Rate limits and capacity
The backend limits below show the default configuration values. Client limits are listed separately.
Rate limits
Section titled “Rate limits”The backend does not apply a per-caller rate limit. Each bidirectional stream has separate token buckets for update frames and client ping frames: 10 frames per second with a burst of 100. Pong frames do not consume either bucket. Exhaustion closes the stream with RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED. Reconnect with backoff from durable per-topic cursors.
Backend request limits
Section titled “Backend request limits”A request above a structural or byte limit is rejected with INVALID_ARGUMENT. A message-size rejection from the transport arrives as OUT_OF_RANGE. Neither is retryable. Reduce the batch and send again.
| Limit | Default |
|---|---|
| Envelope bytes | 1 MiB |
| Request bytes | 25 MiB |
| Response bytes | 25 MiB |
| Distinct topics in one publish | 1,000 |
| Topics in one query | 1,000 |
| Rows returned by one query | 100 by default, 1,000 maximum |
| Newest-envelope topics, metadata only | 1,000 |
| Newest-envelope topics, full envelopes | 100 |
| Identifiers in one inbox-ID lookup | 250 |
| Signatures in one smart-contract-wallet verify request | 100 |
| Identity-update entries per inbox | 256 |
Backend stream limits
Section titled “Backend stream limits”| Limit | Default |
|---|---|
| Topics registered on one bidirectional stream | 100,000 |
| Topics added by one stream update | 100,000 |
| Topics removed by one stream update | 100,000 |
| Topics in one static subscription | 10,000 |
| Stream update frames | 10 per second, burst 100 |
| Client ping frames | 10 per second, burst 100 |
| Keepalive interval | 30 s |
| Concurrent requests on one connection | 100 |
A stream that exhausts its token bucket receives RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED. Reconnect with backoff from your durable per-topic cursors.
The connection limit is advertised, not enforced. A client that opens more than 100 concurrent requests queues them locally instead of failing.
Client limits
Section titled “Client limits”| Limit | Value |
|---|---|
| Members in one group | 250 |
| Active installations per inbox | 10 |
Group appData bytes | 8,192 |
| Group name bytes | 100 |
| Group description bytes | 1,000 |
| Group image URL bytes | 2,048 |
A group message is bounded by the 1 MiB envelope limit. The payload must be smaller because the encoded envelope also contains MLS ciphertext and framing data.
The group cap counts inboxes, not installations. The installation cap applies separately to each inbox. See Manage inboxes.